Past Simple (jednoduchý minulý čas) vyjadruje v minulosti skončený alebo jednorazázový dej, ktorý sa celý uskutočnil v určitom okamihu v minulosti a nemá žiadny vzťah k súčasnosti. Používa sa tiež ako rozprávanie, to znamená, že deje za sebou nasledujú. Dôležité je, že sa jav odohral, prípadne kedy. Čas konania buď vyplýva zo súvislostí alebo je daný príslovkovým určením času. ■ čas deja je presne uvedený: in September, on Saturday, at 7 o´clock, in summer ■ celý dej sa odohral v období, ktoré už skončilo: yesterday, last night, last year ■ dej sa odohral o nejaký časový interval späť od súčasnosti: two weeks ago ■ dej sa odohral pred nejakou známou udalosťou: before Christmas, before WWII ■ v odpovedi na otázku 'WHEN?', v časovej vete so spojkou 'WHEN': When did it happen? It happened yesterday. AKO TVORÍME PAST SIMPLE? U pravidelných slovies sa minulý čas tvorí od neurčitku koncovkou –ED. Pri tvorení minulého času u týchto pravidelných slovies v angličtine, často dochádza k pravopisným zmenám. ► jednoduchá koncová spoluhláska po prízvučnej samohláske sa pred koncovkou –ED zdvojuje. Rovnaké pravidlo platí aj pre koncové –L: ● to stop – stopped, to travel – travelled, to prefer – preffered, . . . ► 'Y' na konci neurčitku so spoluhláskou sa pred koncovkou – ED mení na 'I': ● to cry – cried, to carry – carried ALE: to play – played, to stay - stayed ► koncové –E sa pred koncovkou –ED vynecháva: ● to live – lived, to decide – decided, to hope – hoped, . . . VÝSLOVNOSŤ KONCOVKY –ED: ● po T, D koncovku –ED vyslovujeme ako [id]: waited, decided, . . . ● po znelých spoluhláskach a samohláskach ako [d]: lived, named, played, . . . ● po neznelých spoluhláskach a sykavkách ako [t]: walked, talked, asked, . . . POSITIVE I He/She/It We You They finished arrived went yesterday. NEGATIVE Zápor sa v jednoduchom minulom čase tvorí pomocou DID NOT (DIDN´T): ●He walked. He didn´t walk. NIE! He didn´t walked. I He/She/It We You They didn´t (did not) arrive yesterday. QUESTION Otázka sa v jednoduchom minulom čase tvorí pomocou DID. ●She finished. When did she finish? NIE! When did she finished? When did she you they etc. arrive? SHORT ANSWER Did you go to work yesterday? Did it rain last night? Yes, I did. No, it didn´t. VŠIMNITE SI! U nepravidelných slovies je oznamovací spôsob jednoduchého minulého času uvedený v druhom stĺpci tabuľky, pre otázku a zápor platia rovnaké pravidlá ako pre pravidelné slovesá. ● I went there last week. ● I didn´t go there last week. ● Did you go there last week? A ako je to so slovesom 'TO BE' v minulom čase? Sloveso 'TO BE' má v minulom čase dva tvary: was / were. Otázka sa zápor sa tvorí podobne ako v prítomnom čase a to výmenou slovosledu a v zápore pridaním not. I was Was I? I was not (wasn´t) You were Were you? You were not (weren´t) He/She/It was Was he/she/it? He/She/It was not (wasn´t) We were Were we? We were not (weren´t) You were Were you? You were not (weren´t) They were Were they? They were not (weren´t) Examples: ● I was at home. ● Were you at school yesterday? ● We weren´t at the cinema last week. POUŽITIE JEDNODUCHÉHO MINULÉHO ČASU ► v minulosti ukončená činnosť Jednoduchý minulý čas použijeme, ak hovoríme o činnosti, ktorá začala aj skončila v minulosti, napr: ● I saw my boyfriend yesterday. ● He didn´t wash his hair. ► celý rad činností ukončených v minulosti Jednoduchý minulý čas tiež použijeme, keď o celom rade činností, ktoré prebehli v minulosti jedna po druhej, napr.: ● He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. ► trvanie v minulosti Jednoduchý minulý čas použijeme na vyjadrenie deja, ktorý začal a skončil v minulosti, pričom trval dlhšiu dobu. ● I lived in Italy for two years. ● We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. ►zvyky v minulosti Jednoduchý minulý čas môžeme použiť, keď chceme vyjadriť zvyky, ktoré trvali a aj skončili v minulosti. V tomto prípade ide o rovanký význam ako 'used to', napr.: ● I studied French when I was a child. ● He didn´t play the piano. ● He worked at the cinema after school. ► minulé fakty a zovšeobecnenia Minulý čas jednoduchý môžeme tiež použiť, keď hovoríme o faktoch, ktoré už v prítomnosti nie sú pravdivé. Rovnako ako v predchádzajúcom prípade, aj tu používame tento čas v zmysle 'used to', napr.: ● She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. ● Did you live in California when you were five? Zoznam nepravidelných slovies Infinitive Past Simple Past participle be was/were been beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun bend bent bent bet bet bet bite bit bitten blow blew blown break broke broken bring brought brought build built built burst burst burst buy bought bought catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn drink drank drunk eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fly flew flown forbid forbade forbidden forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen get got got give gave given go went gone grow grew grown hang hung hung have had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept know knew known lay laid laid lead led led leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lit lit lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid put put put read read read ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewn/sewed shake shook shaken shine shone shone shoot shot shot show showed shown shrink shrank shrunk shut shut shut sing sang sung sink sank sunk sit sat sat sleep slept slept speak spoke spoken spend spent spent split split split spread spread spread spring sprang sprung stand stood stood steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung stink stank stunk strike struck struck swear swore sworn sweep swept swept swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think thought thought thrown threw thrown understand understood understood wake woke woken wear wore worn win won won write wrote written (použiť ako odkaz) Použitá literatúra: Liz and John Soars, New Headway, Student´s book (pre-intermediate) http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.html http://skola.amoskadan.cz/s_aj/ajhtm/ag/ag10d01.htm http://esl.about.com/library/grammar/blpastsimple.htm Vypracovala: PaedDr. Ivana Dulová